Research Title: Predicting height using arm span is more effetive in male then in female?








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Methods for data collection:

Preparations:

1) We decided over the number of subjects we needed
2) The purpose of the study
3) The instruments needed for the study

Operationalization
- Measuring tape
To ensure validity and reliability, all subjects were measured using the same instrument

Data Collection:
Venue: LTK2
Time: 13:00

Collation:
Our subjects were chosen by accidental sampling. We explained the purpose of our study and took their consent to measure their height and arms span.
1) We measured each of the subjects height twice
2) We measured each of the subjects arms span twice
3) Their initials and age were also taken
We realized we had made a mistake as the measuring tape was not stable when we took the height. It was also slanted and thus, the measurements we took were not reliable. After discussing, we decided to use a similar measuring tape and tape it to the wall, ensuring it is straight and stable. We managed to get all our data smoothly right after.

Data:
- After we had enough samples, we compiled the information and took the average of the two readings of the height and the arms span for each of the subjects.
- Although we had some setbacks while collecting the data, we managed to have enough time to enter it into the SPSS and start analyzing the data.


Photographs during data collection

measuring tape and a stable book to determine the height

Wei Lin, one of our classmates who willingly participate

Measurements need to be accurate

Measuring arm span

Measuring height

Because there is two variables are scale so we choose Pearson’s r to test our hypothesis.
Assumption for Pearson’s r
Assumption 1 – All observation are independent of each other
Assumption 2 – the data has show that the dependent variables is normally distribution
Assumption 3 - The dependent variables have the same variability at each value of the independent variable
Assumption 4 – The relationship between the dependent and independent variables is linear

So, what we need to do for this part is to see whether a person’s height associated with his/her arm span/length

Scatter plot is done because we need it to check for linearity and homogenous variance that is the assumption 3 and 4
Scattered Plot generated showed linear relationship between both variables.


The above shows: ( r=0.901, p<0.05, n=30). We reject the null hypothesis.
RESULT” There is a positive ,very strong and significant relationship between arm span of respondent and the height of respondent. (r=0.901,p<0.05,N=30)
Next, what we want to know is where the relationship is same for males and females or not .

RESULT :
This shows that, there is a positive, moderate and significant relationship between arm span of respondent and the height of respondent for female. (r=.584,p=0.007,N=20)
However, there is a positive ,very strong and significant relationship between arm span of respondent and the height of respondent for male. (r=0.901,p=0.0005,N=10)

First Literature
Title : The use of arm span as a predictor of height: A study of South Indian women
Key points This study was undertaken to find out the relationship between various body parameters to identify the measurement that correlates most closely to stature.
Sitting height, standing height, arm span and leg lengths of 505 healthy women between the ages of 20 and 29 were measured Measurement of the height of patients is required for determination of basic energy requirements, standardization of measures of physical capacity and for adjusting drug dosage. The subjects for this study were 505 apparently healthy women in the age group of 20-29. These subjects were selected randomly from colleges of Udupi district in Karnataka State of South India The sitting height, standing height, arm span and leg length were measured for all individuals. Standing height was measured with the individual standing barefoot on the platform of the stadiometer with the upper back buttock and heels pressed against the upright position of the instrument. The subject's head was positioned in the Frankfort horizontal plane, and the head plate was brought into firm contact with the vertex. Sitting height was taken sitting on a stool kept on the platform of the stadiometer so that the head was in the Frankfort plane, the shoulders relaxed, the back straight, upper surface of the thighs horizontal, the feet supported and the back of the knee joint clear of the stool. The difference between sitting height and standing height was taken as leg length. Arm span was measured with a flexible steel tape from the tip of the middle finger on one hand to the tip of the middle finger on the other hand with the individual standing with her back to the wall with both arms abducted to 90 deg, the elbows and wrists extended and the palms facing directly forward.
The correlation of arm span and leg length with standing height was very good (r=0.816 and 0.842 respectively).

Second Literature
Title : Comparison of armspan, arm length and tibia length as predictors of actual height of disabled and nondisabled children in Dharavi, Mumbai, India A K Yousafzai1, S M Filteau1, S L Wirz1 and T J Cole2
Objectives: To investigate appropriate measurements to predict height in children with physical impairments to facilitate the accurate assessment of nutritional status in field studies.
Design: Case–control cross-sectional study.
Setting: Dharavi, a large slum in Mumbai, India.
Subjects: In total, 141 children with mixed disabilities and 162 nondisabled control children, aged 2–6 y.
Methods: Height/length, armspan, arm length and tibia length were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard procedures. The relations between armspan, arm length and tibia length with height in controls were investigated using linear regression.
Results: Armspan (R 2=0.93, P<0.001, n=158), arm length (R 2=0.81, P<0.001, n=162) and tibia length (R 2=0.72, P<0.001, n=161) were found to be strong predictors of height based on data from nondisabled control children. These measurements could be used to determine a more accurate height for children with physical impairments where the nature of the impairment may interfere with height measurements.
Conclusions: Armspan, arm length and tibia length can be used to determine accurate height for children with physical impairments, for example, children with a nonambulatory status or those with kyphosis or scoliosis of the spine.




Reference:
Mohanty, S.P., Babu, S,S., & Nair,N.S (2001). Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. Available: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3794/is_200106/ai_n8956831/pg_2/?tag=content;col1 (2010,July 9)
Yousafzai, A.K., Filteau, S.M., Wirz, S.L., & Cole,T.J. (2003). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 1230–1234.[On-line serial] Available: http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v57/n10/full/1601705a.html (2010, July 9)

Based on our findings, we will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that, There is a relationship between the arm span of respondent and the height of respondent.


This had been a very enriching experience for all of us. We had a great time collecting the data together as a group. We managed to gain knowledge as a result of it and are very grateful for the opportunity given to us.

Since it was our first time having to do something like this, mistakes were plentiful. However, we were able to learn from our mistakes and with that, our team spirit grew. Without teamwork, we would not have been able to pull through as each of us has our own weaknesses and strengths.

With the help of the SPSS, we managed to organize our data in order. We had trouble analyzing our data at first as we were clueless on how to go about. However, with the help and guidance from our friends and the notes taken down from our lectures, we were able to understand how the SPSS works. Some of our group members who were more skilled in handling the SPSS took charge of analyzing the data. Though we had faced some obstacles, we managed to complete it smoothly.

Overall, the project that we had to do had taught us valuable lessons. It gave us a feel of how it would be like if it is in reality and what one can anticipate when there is a need to do similar assignments. We feel satisfied as we have gain the knowledge we need to be prepared for the future of our career.

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